Biological concepts, ecology, pollution control, and environmental management (CY202).
Cell architecture, organelle structure, and molecular composition of biomolecules (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids).
Biochemical functions of biomolecules, enzyme kinetics, cellular transport, metabolic pathways, and energy transduction.
Ecosystem components, trophic levels, energy flow models, food chains & webs, biogeochemical cycles, and ecological stability.
Air & noise pollution sources, causes, particulate & gaseous emission control devices, noise standards, and abatement techniques.
Water quality parameters, wastewater treatment methods (primary, secondary, tertiary), solid waste classification, recovery, recycling, and disposal.